Canadian Medical Guide > Biological Sciences > Biochemical Phenomena, Metabolism, and Nutrition > Metabolism Terms and Definitions




Metabolism

Medical Definition: The sum of chemical changes that occur within the tissues of an organism consisting of anabolism (BIOSYNTHESIS) and catabolism; the buildup and breakdown of molecules for utilization by the body.
Guide Notes: GEN only as the metabolic process irrespective of substance; prefer /metab with organs, organisms, diseases, substances: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.44, 19.10+; DF: METAB
Also Called: Metabolic Effects
Metabolism Categories.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Absorption - The taking in or incorporation of gaseous or liquid substances, light, or heat. It includes the metabolic absorption of exogenous nutrients, chemicals, and drugs into microorganisms, tissues, and organs.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Acylation - The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Alkylation - The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Amination - The creation of an amine. It can be produced by the addition of an amino group to an organic compound or reduction of a nitro group.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Biological Transport - The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Citric Acid Cycle - A series of reactions involving oxidation of a two-carbon acetyl unit to carbon dioxide and water with the production of high-energy phosphate bonds by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediate.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Cyclization - Changing an open-chain hydrocarbon to a closed ring. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Dealkylation - The removing of alkyl groups from a compound. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Deamination - The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Decarboxylation - The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Dimerization - The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Electron Transport - The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Energy Metabolism
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Enterohepatic Circulation - Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Esterification - The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Gluconeogenesis - The process by which GLUCOSE is formed from a non-carbohydrate source.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Glycolysis - The pathway by which GLUCOSE is catabolized into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID with the generation of ATP.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Glycosylation - The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Hydrogenation - Addition of hydrogen to a compound, especially to an unsaturated fat or fatty acid. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Hydrolysis - The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Hydroxylation - Placing of a hydroxyl group on a compound in a position where one did not exist before. (Stedman, 26th ed)
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Lipid Mobilization - The breakdown of stored triglyceride in adipose tissue with the release of free fatty acids and glycerol. Depot fat hydrolysis is catalyzed by a lipase in response to pituitary lipid mobilization factors (LMF), various hormones, serotonin, or hepatotoxins such as carbon tetrachloride.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Lipolysis - The hydrolysis of lipids.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Oxidative Stress - A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Oxygen Consumption - The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Pentosephosphate Pathway - A pathway of hexose oxidation in which glucose-6-phosphate undergoes two successive oxidations by NADP, the final one being an oxidative decarboxylation to form a pentose phosphate.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Peptide Synthesis
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Pharmacokinetics - Dynamic and kinetic mechanisms of exogenous chemical and drug absorption, biotransformation, distribution, release, transport, uptake, and elimination as a function of dosage, and extent and rate of metabolic processes. It includes toxicokinetics, the pharmacokinetic mechanism of the toxic effects of a substance.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Phosphorylation - The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.
Canadian Medical Guide Definition Secretory Rate - The amount of a substance secreted by cells or by a specific organ or organism over a given period of time; usually applies to those substances which are formed by glandular tissues and are released by them into biological fluids, e.g., secretory rate of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex, secretory rate of gastric acid by the gastric mucosa.

Metabolism Medical Definitions and Terms

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