Canadian Medical Guide > Biological Sciences > Genetic Processes > Gene Expression > Translation, Genetic Terms and Definitions

Translation, Genetic

Medical Definition:	Formation of peptides on ribosomes, directed by messenger RNA.
Guide Notes:	TRANSLATION, GENETIC is in the realm of biochem genetics: do not confuse with TRANSLOCATION (GENETICS), a chromosome aberration
Previously Indexed:	Ribosomes (1966-1972)

Translation, Genetic Categories.

	Amino Acid Activation - The first step of protein synthesis, whereby an amino acid reacts with adenosine triphosphate in the presence of aminoacyl RNA synthetase to produce an amino acid adenylate, which provides the energy necessary for the attachment of the amino acid to a specific transfer RNA molecule.
	Frameshifting, Ribosomal - A directed change in translational READING FRAMES that allows the production of a single protein from two or more OVERLAPPING GENES. The process is programmed by the nucleotide sequence of the MRNA and is sometimes also affected by the secondary or tertiary mRNA structure. It has been described mainly in VIRUSES (especially RETROVIRUSES), RETROTRANSPOSONS, and bacterial insertion elements but also in some cellular genes.
	Peptide Chain Elongation - The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides.
	Peptide Chain Initiation - The process whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. This process requires (1) the 30s subunit, (2) the mRNA coding for the polypeptide to be made, (3) Met-tRNAi, (4) initiation factors, and (5) GTP.
	Peptide Chain Termination - The process whereby the last amino acid is added to a polypeptide. This termination is signaled by one of three termination triplets in the mRNA, immediately following the last amino acid codon.
	Polarity of Translation - Decrease in the synthesis of proteins specified by genes distal to the operator and to the site of a nonsense, frameshift, deletion or insertion mutation in an operon. A mutation which produces polarity is called a polar mutation or a polarity mutation.

Translation, Genetic Medical Definitions and Terms

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