Canadian Medical Guide > Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment > Investigative Techniques > Clinical Laboratory Techniques > Cytological Techniques Terms and Definitions

Cytological Techniques

Medical Definition:
Guide Notes:	avoid: too general; usually NIM
Previously Indexed:	Cytology (1966-1972)

Cytological Techniques Categories.

	Autoradiography - The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)
	Cell Count - The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.
	Cell Fractionation - Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.
	Cell Fusion - Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization.
	Cell Separation
	Colony-Forming Units Assay - A cytologic technique for measuring the functional capacity of stem cells by assaying their activity.
	Cytogenetic Analysis - Examination of chromosomes to diagnose, classify, screen for, or manage genetic diseases and abnormalities. Following preparation of the sample, KARYOTYPING is performed and/or the specific chromosomes are analyzed.
	Diffusion Chambers, Culture - Devices used in a technique by which cells or tissues are grown in vitro or, by implantation, in vivo within chambers permeable to diffusion of solutes across the chamber walls. The chambers are used for studies of drug effects, osmotic responses, cytogenic and immunologic phenomena, metabolism, etc., and include tissue cages.
	Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor - Methods of investigating the effectiveness of anticancer cytotoxic drugs and biologic inhibitors. These include in vitro cell-kill models and cytostatic dye exclusion tests as well as in vivo measurement of tumor growth parameters in laboratory animals.
	Electroporation - A technique in which electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter and of microsecond-to-millisecond duration cause a temporary loss of the semipermeability of cell membranes, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and DNA. Some applications of electroporation include introduction of plasmids or foreign DNA into living cells for transfection, fusion of cells to prepare hybridomas, and insertion of proteins into cell membranes.
	Histocytochemistry - Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.
	Histocytological Preparation Techniques - Methods of preparing cells or tissues for examination and study of their origin, structure, function, or pathology. The methods include preservation, fixation, sectioning, staining, replica, or other technique to allow for viewing using a microscope.
	Karyometry
	Patch-Clamp Techniques - An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

Cytological Techniques Medical Definitions and Terms

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